Home  ›  What Happened to the Parents of Missing Baby

What Happened to the Parents of Missing Baby

Written By Friday 11 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

Process of giving upward i's child

Child abandonment is the do of relinquishing interests and claims over one'due south offspring in an illegal way, with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship.[1] The phrase is typically used to draw the physical abandonment of a child, only it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional abandonment, such as when parents neglect to provide fiscal and emotional support for children over an extended catamenia of time.[i] An abandoned kid is referred to as a foundling (as opposed to a runaway or an orphan).[ane] Babe dumping refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or individual place with the intent of terminating their intendance for the child.[1] It is also known equally rehoming when adoptive parents use illegal means, such every bit the internet, to notice new homes for their children.[2] [three] [4]

In well-nigh cases, child abandonment is classified nether a subsection of child corruption statutes and is punishable every bit a felony. Child abandonment is a Class four felony. A second or subsequent crime after a prior conviction is a Form three felony. Each land within the United States can categorize "fail" or "abandonment" differently within their own specified judicial system that allows them to classify the criminal offence to a more astute and stricter level. In a normal situation, afterwards a post-obit confidence, i or both guardians forfeit their parental rights, terminating their human relationship with the child.[5] Following conviction, i or both guardians forfeit their parental rights, terminating their human relationship with the child.[6] Some states allow for reinstatement of the parents' relationships with their abased children;[six] yet, it is unlikely the parents tin can regain custody.[6] [ unreliable source? ] Perpetrators tin also be charged with reckless abandonment if victims die as a result of their deportment or fail.[1] [ unreliable source? ]Out of 491,710 victims of corruption and face up maltreatment 74.ix% are neglected, according to a statistical analysis in 2019. The way in which the information is interpreted is vital to how the statistical analysis is developed and presented. In guild to obtain true statistical significance the definition of what child neglect is needs to be stated. These statistics that were present were based on the information provided on the bases that child maltreatment should exist banished and stopped.[7] [8]

Causes [edit]

  • Poverty and homelessness are often causes of kid abandonment. People living in countries with poor social welfare systems (i.e. Red china, Myanmar, the United states of america, Mexico) and who are non financially capable of taking intendance of a child are more than probable to carelessness their children because of a lack of resources.[ix] [10] In some cases the parents already have a child or children, but are unable to take care of another child at that time.[10]
  • In societies where women are looked down upon for existence teenage or unmarried mothers, child abandonment is more common.[ix] [10]
  • Children built-in out of the confines of marriage may be abandoned in a family's endeavor to foreclose being shamed past their community.[11]
  • Physical disability, mental illness, and substance corruption problems that parents are facing can also crusade them to carelessness their children.[nine] [x]
  • Children who are born with congenital disorders or other health complications may be abandoned if their parents feel unequipped to provide them with the level of intendance that their condition requires.[9] [10] [12] [13]
  • In cultures where the sex of the kid is of utmost importance, parents are more likely to carelessness a baby of the undesired sex.[fourteen] Similarly, people may cull to pursue the often controversial option of sex activity-selective abortion.[fifteen]
  • Political conditions, such as state of war and displacement of a family unit, are likewise crusade for parents to abandon their children.[11]
  • Additionally, a parent being incarcerated or deported can upshot in the involuntary abandonment of a child, fifty-fifty if the parent(southward) did non voluntarily relinquish their parental office.[xvi] [17]
  • Disownment of a kid is a class of abandonment which entails ending contact with, and support for, one'southward dependent. Disownment tends to occur afterwards in a child's life, generally due to a conflict between the parent(due south) and the child, but can also occur when children are however young. Reasons include: divorce of parents, discovering the true paternity of a kid, and a child's actions bringing shame to a family; virtually commonly, breaking the law, teenage pregnancy, major religious or ideological differences, and identifying as LGBT.[xvi] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

Effects on survivors [edit]

  • Possibility of experiencing corruption and neglect in institutionalized intendance[24]
  • Low self-esteem stemming from feelings of guilt about beingness at mistake for being abandoned[25]
  • Separation anxiety: feelings of anxiety near being separated from parents or caregivers[25]
  • Attachment issues: difficulty becoming emotionally fastened to and trusting other people, peculiarly caregivers[26]
  • Abandonment problems, feature of abandoned child syndrome, including social alienation, guilt, anxiety, clinginess, insomnia and nightmares, eating disorders, anger problems, depression, substance abuse, and traumatic reenactment through romantic relationships[27] [28] [29] [thirty]
  • Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), referred to as posttraumatic stress disorder of abandonment.[31]
  • Depending upon the severity of their symptoms, children who take adult certain maladjusted tendencies in social interaction may be diagnosed with reactive zipper disorder or disinhibited social date disorder.[32]
  • For children who are abandoned in unsafe places, such as dumpsters, doorsteps, and other public areas, exposure to the elements and physical injury are distinct possibilities.[33]

Financial price [edit]

In 2015, it price the Usa' government over $9 billion to back up 427,910 children who were in foster care.[34]

Child abandonment laws [edit]

Child abandonment is illegal in the United States, and depending upon the facts of the case and laws of the land in which it occurs could be prosecuted equally a misdemeanor or felony criminal crime.[35]

Prevention [edit]

  • Providing admission to sex didactics and to family planning resource, similar contraception, and abortion can help prevent people who cannot take care of, or exercise non desire to heighten, children from becoming significant in the first place.[x]
  • Show has shown that, when bans on abortion are lifted, the number of abased, driveling, and neglected children goes down in response.[36] [37] However, access is an event. In the Us, 87% of all counties, and 97% of all rural counties, do not accept any access to abortion services.[38]
  • Governmental assistance can be provided in the form of parental counseling, post-natal services, mental wellness services, and other community support services for parents who are at a college gamble of abandoning their children considering of age, back up, concrete ability, mental illness, or poverty.[x] [39] [40]

History [edit]

Historically, many cultures practiced abandonment of infants, ofttimes chosen "infant exposure." Children were left on hillsides, in the wilderness, near churches, and in other public places. If taken up by others, the children might join another family either as slaves or as complimentary family members. Roman societies in particular chose slaves to raise their children rather than family members, who were often indifferent towards their children.[9] Although beingness found past others would allow children who were abased to oft survive, exposure is sometimes compared to infanticide—every bit described past Tertullian in his Apology: "information technology is certainly the more than barbarous way to kill... past exposure to cold and hunger and dogs." Despite the comparison, other sources report that infanticide and exposure were viewed equally morally different in ancient times.[41]

In the Early Center Ages parents who did non desire to raise their children gave them to monasteries along with a small fee, an act known as oblation. In times of social stress monasteries often received big numbers of children. Past the high Middle Ages oblation was less mutual and something that was more often arranged privately betwixt the monastery and the parents of the child. Sometimes medieval hospitals took care of abased children at the community's expense, but some refused to exercise and then on the grounds that being willing to accept abandoned children would increment abandonment rates.[42] Medieval laws in Europe governing child abandonment, equally for example the Visigothic Code, frequently prescribed that the person who had taken upwards the child was entitled to the child's service equally a slave.[43] Conscripting or enslaving children into armies and labor pools oftentimes occurred equally a consequence of war or pestilence when many children were left parentless. Abandoned children and so became the ward of the state, armed forces organization, or religious group. When this practise happened en masse, it had the advantage of ensuring the strength and continuity of cultural and religious practices in medieval society.[44]

Early Mod Europe saw the rise of foundling homes and increased abandonment of children to these homes. These numbers continued to rise and peaked when v% of all births resulted in abandonment in France around 1830. The national reaction to this was to limit the resource provided by foundling homes and switch to foster homes instead such that fewer children would die within overcrowded foundling homes during infancy. As access to contraception increased and economic conditions improved in Europe towards the end of the 19th century the numbers of children being abandoned declined.[9]

Abandonment increased towards the stop of the 19th century, particularly in the United States. The largest migration of abandoned children in history took place in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over 1 hundred and twenty thousand orphans (not all of whom were intentionally abased) were shipped west on railroad cars, where families agreed to foster the children in exchange for their utilize every bit farmhands, household workers, etc.[45] Orphan trains were highly pop equally a source of free labor. The sheer size of the displacement too equally complications and exploitation that occurred gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption rather than indenture.[46] Past 1945, adoption was formulated every bit a legal act with consideration of the child's best interests. The origin of the move toward secrecy and the sealing of all adoption and birth records began when Charles Loring Caryatid introduced the concept to prevent children from the orphan trains from returning to or beingness reclaimed by their parents.[47]

Notable contemporary instances of child abandonment include homicidal neglect by confinement of infants or children such every bit in the matter of the Osaka child abandonment case or the matter of two abandoned children in Calgary, Alberta, Canada by their mother Rie Fujii.

Current situation [edit]

A modern Baby box or Baby hatch in the Czech Commonwealth where a infant tin can exist anonymously abased while ensuring that the kid will be cared for.

Today, abandonment of a kid is considered to exist a serious crime in many jurisdictions considering it tin can be considered malum in se (wrong in itself) due to the direct harm to the child, and because of welfare concerns (in that the child oft becomes a ward of the land and in turn, a brunt upon the public fisc). For instance, in the U.S. state of Georgia, it is a misdemeanor to willfully and voluntarily abandon a kid, and a felony to carelessness ane's child and leave the state. In 1981, this distinction was upheld equally ramble past the U.S. Supreme Court confronting a parent's argument that it denied parents the right to travel and thereby denied parents the equal protection of the laws.[48] 'Rehoming' is still legal in Arkansas where, in 2015, land legislator Justin Harris made national headlines by rehoming two young adopted children.[49]

Many jurisdictions take exceptions to abandonment laws in the form of condom haven laws, which utilise to babies left in designated places such equally hospitals (see, for example, babe hatch).

In the U.k. abandoning a child nether the age of ii years is a criminal offence.[50] In 2004 49 babies were abandoned nationwide with slightly more boys than girls being abandoned.[50]

Abandonment is rife in Malaysia, where between 2005 and 2011, 517 babies were dumped. Of those 517 children, 287 were institute dead. In 2012, at that place were 31 cases, including at least i instance of a child being tossed from a window of a loftier rise apartment.[51]

Persons in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more than probable to abandon them. Several American states are moving towards passing legislation to prevent rehoming of children post adoption. However, national legislation may exist needed to protect children from being rehomed in all states.[52]

State programs for facilitating anonymous child abandonment [edit]

  • Anonymous Birthing allows pregnant mothers to requite birth to their kid without revealing their identity or claiming any ownership over or legal obligation to the child. Different countries expect varying lengths of time from 2–8 weeks before putting the child up for adoption to allow mothers to render to the hospital and repossess the child. Anonymous birthing is well-nigh frequently implemented equally measure to preclude neonaticide and has been successful in multiple countries.[10] Police in Austria study a 57% drib in neonaticides after the state passed a constabulary assuasive for anonymous birthing and free delivery in 2001.[53] Anonymous birthing provides the opportunity for mothers to disclose relevant health history to later be shared with the child and adoptive family, equally well as admission to hospital care to reduce risk during nascency. In some states, France for example, mothers who choose anonymous birthing undergo counselling and are informed of bachelor support structures to help them keep the child. Mothers who are seeking to anonymously abandon their kid at birth may avert bearding birthing due to increased interaction with hospital staff and the possibility of undergoing counselling.
  • Babe boxes provide a rubber and anonymous way to carelessness children, typically newborns, rather than resorting to babe exposure or neonaticide. Baby boxes can exist establish in Republic of austria, Belgium, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Republic of latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Southward Korea, and the United States. Advantages of baby boxes include a greater caste of anonymity for parents abandoning their children and a guarantee that the kid volition be found and attended to. Even so, children are sometimes placed in infant boxes with existing outcome or injury and infant boxes are under-utilized and costly to operate. It is also debated if baby boxes are an accessible choice for rural mothers who may not be willing to travel to abandon their children.[ten]
  • Rubber haven laws allow parents of a kid, typically a newborn child but historic period tin vary, to abandon the child at a place of local authority such as a hospital, burn down station, or police station with no further question. Some states allow the parent to reclaim the kid within a certain timeframe. Safe Haven Laws passed in the United States in 1999 and have since been adopted in Canada, Japan, French republic, and Slovakia. It is debated if safe haven laws prevent child abandonment or neonaticide. As with baby boxes, one study suggests that mothers in rural areas are non willing to travel to abandon their children and would not exist willing to travel to a hospital to exercise so.[10] As of 2017, 3,317 babies have been surrendered via prophylactic haven laws in the Us.[54]

National laws and furnishings on kid abandonment [edit]

China's One Kid Policy: In 1979 China introduced its one-child policy which set up penalties for families that chose to take more than ane kid.[55] Women were compelled to undergo a surgical implantation of an IUD following the birth of their beginning child and tubal ligation if they were to take another child.[55] Families that disobeyed the police force were levied a fine and lost their correct to many government services, including access to health and educational services.[56] Nevertheless, transgressions of the police most certainly occurred.[56] Consequently, over the class of over three decades, hundreds of thousands of children, the majority of which were girls, were abandoned and required caretaking.[56] Non-governmental organizations stepped in to help with the re-housing of these girls, leading to the international adoption of over 120,000 Chinese children.[57] Today, China's fertility rate has not quite returned to the rate of replacement (the birth rate that will maintain population size nether conditions of zero net immigration/emigration). In fact, in the years since the relinquishing of the policy, China's fertility charge per unit has but risen .04 per family.[58]

Vietnam War: During and following the Vietnam War, initiated by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations due to a fear of the spread of communism into southeastern Asia, it is estimated that roughly 50,000 babies were born of American fathers and Vietnamese mothers.[59] A large contingent of these children were either unwanted to the circumstances of their conception or unable to exist cared for due to the lack of bachelor resources and aid in the war-torn country.[56] Locally, these children were known as "children of the dust."[59] Performance Babylift was established by the United states of america authorities in an effort to bring over 3,300 children, many but not all of whom were abandoned, orphaned, or mixed-race leading to fears of their exploitation, to Western countries to be adopted with varying degrees of success. Not-governmental organizations attempted to alleviate the problem by setting upwardly international adoptions and other rehoming methods but were largely ineffective. To this twenty-four hours, attempts are beingness made to link American veterans to children that they may have fathered during their time in Vietnam likewise as children to their families in Vietnam.[59]

Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu: During the dominion of Communist politician Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania underwent drastic changes to its populace. Ceaușescu, in an endeavor to class a robust and immature population, outlawed methods of contraception and encouraged the creation of large families with many children.[56] Much like during the Fascist menstruation of Italian history, incentives and cultural praise were offered to parents who produced many children.[60] Ceaușescu established Decree 770 which outlawed ballgame and contraception for all women, except those who were over twoscore, had already born four–5 children, had life-threatening complications during pregnancy, or who became meaning through rape or incest.[60] In the following years, Romania's birth charge per unit well-nigh doubled.[61] However, due to a lack of resources necessary to care for the abundance of children, thousands were abased or left to die. Other women resorted to dangerous forms of abortion carried out by people without medical training.[56] The problem persisted until the coup that overthrew Ceaușescu in 1989. Following the coup, Romania's birthrate steadily declined for the following decades.[62] Today, the birth rate has dropped to i.52 births per woman, under the rate of replacement.[62]

In literature [edit]

Foundlings, who may be orphans, can combine many advantages to a plot: mysterious antecedents, leading to plots to find them; high birth and lowly upbringing. Foundlings have appeared in literature in some of the oldest known tales.[63] The well-nigh common reasons for abandoning children in literature are oracles that the kid will cause damage; the mother's desire to conceal her illegitimate child, often afterwards rape by a god; or spite on the part of people other than the parents, such as sisters and mothers-in-law in such fairy tales every bit The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird. In some chivalric romances, such as Le Fresne and the Swan-Children, in the variant Beatrix, some children of a multiple birth are abandoned later on the heroine has taunted another woman with a claim that such a birth is proof of infidelity and then suffered such a nativity of her ain.[64] Poverty usually features every bit a cause but with the example of older children, who can survive on their own. Indeed, most such individuals are of royal or noble birth; their abandonment means they grow upwardly in ignorance of their true social status.[65]

Abandonment [edit]

One of the earliest surviving examples of child abandonment in literature is that of Oedipus, who is left to die every bit a babe in the hills by a herdsman ordered to kill the baby, but is found and grows up to unwittingly marry his biological mother.

In a mutual variant on the abandonment and rediscovery of an baby, the biblical story of Moses describes how the Jewish babe is abandoned by his female parent and set to float in the Nile in a reed basket, in hopes that he will exist institute and nurtured; as planned, the child is discovered and adopted by the queen of Egypt, thus gaining a higher social condition and better education, as well as a more than powerful position than his birth family could take given him. A similar story is told of other heroes who eventually learn about their true origins but as adults, when they observe they are able to save their original parents or family past wielding ability from their adoptive condition, while making use of an instruction that sets them apart from their peers. The theme is also carried through in the case of many modernistic superheroes, about famously Superman (see Mod Media below). Mark Twain tweaks the traditional "upgrading" of the foundling's social status by having the kid's twin, who is powerful by nativity, experience the "downgrading " of his position in a switch planned past the two children, in "The Prince and the Pauper".

In many tales, such as Snow White, the child is actually abandoned by a retainer who had been given orders to put the child to death. Other tales such every bit Hansel and Gretel has children reluctantly abased in the forest past their parents since they were no longer able to feed them.

Children are often abandoned with nascence tokens, which human activity as plot devices to ensure that the kid can exist identified. This theme is a main chemical element in Angelo F. Coniglio's historical fiction novella The Lady of the Bike, in which the championship refers to a "receiver of foundlings" who were placed in a device called a "foundling wheel", in the wall of a church or hospital.[66]

In Shakespeare'southward The Winter's Tale, a recognition scene in the final human action reveals by these that Perdita is a king'southward daughter rather than a shepherdess, and then suitable for her prince lover.[67] Similarly, when the heroine of Le Fresne reveals the brocade and the band she was abased with, her mother and sis recognize her; this makes her a suitable bride for the human whose mistress she had been.[68]

The children of Queen Blondine and of her sister, Princess Brunette, picked up by a Corsair after seven days at bounding main; illustration by Walter Crane to the fairy tale Princess Belle-Etoile.

From Oedipus onward, Greek and Roman tales are filled with exposed children who escaped death to exist reunited with their families—usually, as in Longus' Daphnis and Chloe, more happily than in Oedipus' case. Grown children, having been taken up by strangers, were ordinarily recognized by tokens that had been left with the exposed infant: In Euripides's Ion, Creüsa is about to kill Ion, believing him to exist her husband's illegitimate child, when a priestess reveals the birth-tokens that testify that Ion is her own, abandoned infant.

This may reverberate the widespread practice of child abandonment in their cultures. On the other hand, the motif is connected through literature where the practice is not widespread. William Shakespeare used the abandonment and discovery of Perdita in The Winter'southward Tale, equally noted above, and Edmund Spenser reveals in the final Canto of Book half dozen of The Faerie Queene that the character Pastorella, raised by shepherds, is in fact of noble birth. Henry Fielding, in i of the first novels recognized as such, recounted The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. In the case of Quasimodo, the eponymous grapheme in Victor Hugo'south The Hunchback of Notre-Matriarch, the disfigured child is abandoned at the cathedral'south foundling'southward bed, made available for the leaving of unwanted infants. Ruth Benedict, in studying the Zuni, plant that the practice of child abandonment was unknown, just featured heavily in their folktales.[69]

Even so, fifty-fifty cultures that practise not exercise information technology may reverberate older customs; in medieval literature, such as Sir Degaré and Le Fresne, the child is abandoned immediately after nascency, which may reverberate pre-Christian practices, both Scandavian and Roman, that the newborn would not be raised without the begetter's conclusion to exercise so.[seventy]

Upbringing [edit]

The strangers who take up the kid are often shepherds or other herdsmen. This befell not only Oedipus, simply also Cyrus Two of Persia, Amphion and Zethus and several of the characters listed above. Romulus and Remus were suckled by a wolf in the wilderness, but afterward, over again establish past a shepherd. This ties this motif in with the genre of the pastoral. This can imply or outright state that the child benefits by this pure upbringing by unspoiled people, as opposed to the corruption that surrounded his nascency family.

Often, the kid is aided past animals before being found; Artemis sent a bear to nurse the abased Atalanta, and Paris was likewise nursed by a bear before being establish.[71] In some cases, the child is depicted as existence raised by animals; however, in actuality, feral children accept proven to be incapable of oral communication.[72]

In adulthood [edit]

The design of a kid remaining with its adoptive parents is less common than the contrary, simply it occurs. In the Indian epic Mahabharata, Karna is never reconciled with his mother, and dies in battle with her legitimate son. In the Grimm fairy tale Foundling-Bird, Foundling Bird never learns of, least of all reunites with, his parents. George Eliot depicted the abandonment of the character Eppie in Silas Marner; despite learning her true father at the terminate of the book, she refuses to leave Silas Marner, who had actually reared her.

When the cause of the abandonment is a prophecy, the abandonment is normally instrumental in causing the prophecy to be fulfilled. Besides Oedipus, Greek legends also included Telephus, who was prophesied to impale his uncle; his ignorance of his parentage, stemming from his abandonment, caused his uncle to jeer at him and him to kill the uncle in acrimony.

Older children [edit]

When older children are abandoned in fairy tales, while poverty may be cited as a cause, as in Hop o' My Thumb, likewise chosen Thumbelina, the most common effect is when poverty is combined with a stepmother's malice, as in Hansel and Gretel (or sometimes, a female parent'southward malice). The stepmother's wishes may be the sole crusade, every bit in Male parent Frost. In these stories, the children seldom find adoptive parents, but malicious monsters, such as ogres and witches;[73] outwitting them, they find treasure enough to solve their poverty. The stepmother may dice coincidentally, or be driven out by the male parent when he hears, then that the reunited family tin live happily in her absence.

In a grimmer variation, the tale Babes in the Forest features a wicked uncle in the function of the wicked stepmother, who gives an lodge for the children to be killed. However, although the servants scruple to obey him, and the children are abandoned in the woods, the tale ends tragically: the children dice, and their bodies are covered with leaves by robins.

In modern media [edit]

Foundlings however appear in modern literature; this is a partial list of examples:

  • In George Bernard Shaw'due south stage play Major Barbara, industrialist Andrew Undershaft, a foundling himself, attentively searches for a foundling to presume the family unit business.
  • Superman may be seen as a continuation of the foundling tradition, the alone survivor of an advanced (merely almost-completely extinct) civilization who is institute and raised by Kansas farmers in a pastoral setting, and later discovers his alien origins and uses his powers for skillful.[74]
  • Charlie Chaplin'south movie The Kid revolves about the Tramp's efforts to enhance an abandoned kid.
  • In the graphic novel Aqua Leung, the primary protagonist is a prince who is whisked out of a castle under attack in a basket-similar device so plant by a couple and raised on land so that his father'southward enemies do non discover him. He returns to the seas to fulfill the prophecy thought to be his father'due south but that was really his.
  • Elora Danan, in the film Willow, and Lir, in the novel The Terminal Unicorn, both go along the tradition of foundlings abandoned because of prophecies, and who fulfil the prophecies because of their abandonment.
  • In the last book of The Chronicles of Prydain, Dallben reveals to the hero Taran that he is a foundling; in a story set in the same world, "The Foundling," Dallben himself proves to be a foundling too.
  • The grapheme Leela from Futurama was a foundling, given to the Ophanarium and a annotation in an alien language to make people believe that she was an conflicting rather than a mutant; she would have been forced, in the latter case, to alive in the sewers with the other mutants.
  • Several foundlings appear in Terry Pratchett'southward Discworld: most notably Helm Carrot Ironfoundersson, who was found, every bit a toddler, amongst the ruins of a caravan party that had been attacked past bandits, and was then surrounded past the bodies of the adults.
  • The character of Mozzie, from White Collar, is a foundling, left in a basket with just a bear.
  • In some cartoons, wily characters may disguise themselves as foundlings. This may exist accomplished by the grapheme dressing as a baby and lying in a bassinet or basket on a doorstep, perhaps with a note adding to the ruse. This was parodied in the 2006 pic Little Man.
  • In The Flintstones, Bamm-Bamm was abandoned on the Rubbles's doorstep and somewhen adopted by them.

See besides [edit]

  • Abandoned child syndrome
  • Abandonment (emotional)
  • Barrel children
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Coin-operated-locker babies
  • Feral child
  • Lost boys (polygamy)
  • Myling
  • Projection Cuddle
  • Safe-haven law
  • Street children
  • Unintended pregnancy
  • Babe hatch
  • Foundling hospital

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Child Abandonment". Findlaw . Retrieved seven March 2018.
  2. ^ "Reuters Investigates – The Child Commutation". Reuters . Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  3. ^ "What is Rehoming and What Can Be Washed to End it". 29 December 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  4. ^ "What is Adoption Rehoming, Disruption, Dissolution?". twenty May 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  5. ^ https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/child-abandonment/.
  6. ^ a b c Chung, Cindy. "Parental Rights Terminated Due to Child Abandonment". Legal Zoom.
  7. ^ http://americanspcc.org/child-abuse-statistics/.
  8. ^ https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/canstats/.
  9. ^ a b c d due east f Schweder, Richard (2009). The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion. University of Chicago Printing. pp. 1–3. ISBN978-0226475394.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Child abandonment and its prevention in Europe. Institute of Work, Health and Organisations. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. 2012. ISBN978-0853582861. OCLC 935864111. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ a b Delaunay, Valérie (30 December 2011). "Improving cognition on child abandonment and care in Africa: A demographic contribution to the achievement of child protection". African Population Studies. 25 (1). doi:10.11564/25-1-268. ISSN 2308-7854.
  12. ^ Bailey, Heather; Semenenko, Igor; Pilipenko, Tatyana; Malyuta, Ruslan; Thorne, Claire (December 2010). "Factors associated with abandonment of infants built-in to HIV positive women: results from a Ukrainian birth cohort". AIDS Intendance. 22 (12): 1439–1448. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.482127. ISSN 0954-0121. PMC3428901. PMID 20824547.
  13. ^ "The tragic tale of Prc'south orphanages: 98% of abandoned children have disabilities". Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  14. ^ Miller-Loessi, Karen; Kilic, Zeynep (2001). "A Unique Diaspora?: The Case of Adopted Girls from the People'south Republic of China". Diaspora: A Periodical of Transnational Studies. ten (2): 243–260. doi:10.1353/dsp.2011.0057. ISSN 1911-1568. S2CID 144059791.
  15. ^ Citro, Brian; Gilson, Je ; Kalantry, Sital; Stricker, Kelsey; University of Chicago Constabulary School. International Human Rights Clinic; National Asian Paci c American Women's Forum (U.S.); and Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (Organization), "Replacing Myths with Facts: Sex-Selective Abortion Laws in the United States" (2014). Cornell Constabulary Kinesthesia Publications. Paper 1399. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/1399
  16. ^ a b "How tin can abandonment of children by noncustodial parents exist prevented?". world wide web.custodyzen.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Disrupting young lives: How detention and displacement affect US-born children of immigrants". Retrieved nineteen Feb 2018.
  18. ^ Hall, Macer (xi Feb 2001). "Faux Deoxyribonucleic acid test led father to reject daughter". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved iv March 2018.
  19. ^ "Family functioning in families with alcohol and other drug addiction". world wide web.msd.govt.nz. Ministry building of Social Development (MSD). Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  20. ^ Abuheweila, Iyad; Kershner, Isabel (2018). "ISIS Declares War on Hamas, and Gaza Families Disown Sons in Sinai". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  21. ^ Seaton, Jaimie. "Homeless rates for LGBT teens are alarming, simply parents can make a departure". chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  22. ^ "America's Shame: 40% of Homeless Youth Are LGBT Kids". Williams Institute. 13 July 2012. Retrieved iv March 2018.
  23. ^ "Serving Our Youth: Findings from a National Survey of Service Providers Working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless or At Risk of Condign Homeless". Williams Plant. xi July 2012. Retrieved half-dozen March 2018.
  24. ^ Hobbs, G. F.; Hobbs, C. J.; Wynne, J. M. (December 1999). "Abuse of children in foster and residential care". Child Abuse & Fail. 23 (12): 1239–1252. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00096-four. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 10626608.
  25. ^ a b Thorne, Roger. "Child Abandonment Laws in Pennsylvania". Livestrong.com . Retrieved iv March 2018.
  26. ^ "Child Zipper Disorder | Wellness". patient.info . Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  27. ^ "Abandonment Problems – Are They Belongings You Back In Life?". Harley Therapy™ Blog. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Understanding Clinginess". Evolution Counseling. 12 June 2014. Retrieved five March 2018.
  29. ^ Levy, Michael Due south. (1998). "A Helpful Style to Conceptualize and Understand Reenactments". The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Inquiry. seven (three): 227–235. ISSN 1055-050X. PMC3330499. PMID 9631344.
  30. ^ "Traumatic Reenactment". www.bernsteininstitute.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  31. ^ "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder of Abandonment, Part I: An Overview". Abandonment.net . Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  32. ^ AACAP. "Attachment Disorders". www.aacap.org . Retrieved iv March 2018.
  33. ^ Ripley, Will. "Meet China's abandoned children". CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  34. ^ Child Welfare Information Gateway. "Foster care statistics 2015". Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Children'south Bureau.
  35. ^ "Kid Welfare Enacted Legislation". NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 24 Feb 2021.
  36. ^ Mitrut, Andreea; Wolff, François-Charles (Dec 2011). "The impact of legalized ballgame on child health outcomes and abandonment. Evidence from Romania". Periodical of Wellness Economics. 30 (6): 1219–1231. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.08.004. hdl:2077/26523. ISSN 1879-1646. PMID 21889810.
  37. ^ Bitler, Marianne; Zavodny, Madeline (2002). "Child Abuse and Abortion Availability ". American Economical Review. 92 (ii): 363–367. doi:ten.1257/000282802320191624. PMID 29058396.
  38. ^ "Unequal Access to Abortion". prochoice.org. National Abortion Federation. Archived from the original on nine March 2018. Retrieved v March 2018.
  39. ^ "Preventing Child Neglect". Prevent Child Corruption America. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  40. ^ "About Teen Pregnancy | Teen Pregnancy | Reproductive Health". world wide web.cdc.gov . Retrieved five March 2018.
  41. ^ Boswell, John Eastburn (1984). "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Aboriginal and Medieval Family". The American Historical Review. 89 (1): 10–33. doi:10.2307/1855916. JSTOR 1855916. PMID 11611460.
  42. ^ E., Lester, Anne (2007). "Lost only not withal Found: Medieval Foundlings and their Intendance in Northern French republic, 1200–1500". Proceedings of the Western Lodge for French History. 35. ISSN 2573-5012.
  43. ^ The Visigothic Lawmaking: (Forum judicum), Volume IV: Concerning Natural Lineage Title IV: Concerning Foundlings
  44. ^ Judith and Martin Land, Adoption Detective: Memoir of an Adopted Kid, Wheatmark Publishing, 2011, p. ix
  45. ^ "The Orphan Train Movement". www.childrensaidnyc.org. Children's Assistance. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  46. ^ "Washingtonpost.com: Horizon Section". www.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  47. ^ Philanthropy in America : a comprehensive historical encyclopedia. Burlingame, Dwight. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN978-1576078600. OCLC 56747800. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. ^ Jones 5. Helms, 452 U.Due south. 412 (1981).
  49. ^ Benjamin Hardy, "Foster Family Disputes Primal Statements from Justin Harris", The Arkansas Times,
  50. ^ a b "What happens to abandoned babies?". Magazine. BBC. 8 December 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  51. ^ Barro, Josh (28 September 2012). "Malaysia'southward 'Baby-Dumping' Epidemic". Bloomberg. Retrieved xiii October 2012.
  52. ^ Montanari, Stefano (fifteen Apr 2015). "As Arkansas Outlaws Re-homing, Other States Might Follow Suit". Social Piece of work Helper . Retrieved nineteen May 2015.
  53. ^ "Newborn killings drop after anonymous delivery law". Reuters. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  54. ^ "Salve Abandoned Babies". saveabandonedbabies.org. Save Abandoned Babies Foundation. Retrieved viii March 2018.
  55. ^ a b Ripley, Will (eleven Baronial 2015). "'They don't deserve this kind of life:' Meet China'due south Abandoned Children". CNN.com . Retrieved nine February 2018.
  56. ^ a b c d e f "Abandoned children". The Encyclopedia of World Problems & Human Potential. UIA. Retrieved eight February 2018.
  57. ^ Johnson, Kay Ann (2016). China'south Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-child Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  58. ^ "Public Data".
  59. ^ a b c Watts, Jonathan (May 2005). "GIs return to terminate 30 years of pain for Vietnam'due south children of the grit". The Guardian.
  60. ^ a b "Prescript 770 of Ceaucescu". Searching in History. Searching in History. nineteen January 2014. Retrieved eleven February 2018.
  61. ^ Breslau, Karen. "Overplanned Parenthood: Ceausescu's Brutal Law". Ceausescu. ceausescu.org. Retrieved xvi February 2018.
  62. ^ a b "Romania – Birth Rate". Index Mundi.
  63. ^ Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism, p. 198. ISBN 0-691-01298-ix.
  64. ^ Laura A. Hibbard (1963). Medieval Romance in England, p. 242. New York: Burt Franklin[ ISBN missing ]
  65. ^ Josepha Sherman, Once upon a Galaxy, pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-87483-387-six.
  66. ^ Cipolla, Gaetano. "The Lady of the Wheel (La Ruotaia)". Legas.
  67. ^ Northrop Frye, "Recognition in The Wintertime's Tale," pp. 108–109 of Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology. ISBN 0-15-629730-two.
  68. ^ Francis James Kid, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5. 2, p. 68. Dover Publications, New York, 1965.
  69. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p. lx. ISBN 0-691-06722-viii.
  70. ^ Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties That Leap: Peasant Families in Medieval England, p. 172. ISBN 0-19-504564-5.
  71. ^ Jane Yolen, Touch Magic, p. 73. ISBN 0-87483-591-seven.
  72. ^ Jane Yolen, Impact Magic, p. 74. ISBN 0-87483-591-7.
  73. ^ Jack Zipes, The Keen Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p. 474. ISBN 0-393-97636-10.
  74. ^ Josepha Sherman, In one case upon a Galaxy, p. 55. ISBN 0-87483-387-half-dozen.

Further reading [edit]

  • Dorothy L. Sayers. Oedipus Simplex: Freedom and Fate in Sociology and Fiction [ ISBN missing ]

External links [edit]

  • John Boswell, "The kindness of strangers: the abandonment of children in Western Europe from late antiquity to the Renaissance", 1998, ISBN 0-226-06712-2
  • "Full Story". the Namibian. Retrieved xxx November 2012.
  • Angelo F. Coniglio's treatise on foundlings

What Happened to the Parents of Missing Baby

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abandonment

0 Response to "What Happened to the Parents of Missing Baby"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel